When we reach for it
Any system with an on-call rota, and every performance engagement where a before and after has to be shown. A dashboard the client’s own team reads without us is part of what we hand over, not a nicety at the end of the engagement.
When we would argue against it
Dashboards nobody has agreed to look at. An unread dashboard is not observability, it is decoration with a maintenance cost. Every panel should answer a question somebody actually asks and every alert should be actionable; the rest trains people to ignore the screen.
What it looks like in delivery
Alerts tied to user-visible symptoms rather than to resource metrics, so a page means something is actually wrong. The dashboard is built around the questions asked during an incident rather than the metrics that happened to be easy to collect, and every alert links to what to do about it.